李開復(fù):“人形機(jī)器人”將進(jìn)入千家萬(wàn)戶是無(wú)稽之談
Facebook?AI機(jī)器人創(chuàng)造了自己的語(yǔ)言,并進(jìn)行了神奇的對(duì)話!
看到這樣的新聞,驚悚得感覺(jué)自己就像生活在《終結(jié)者》一類的電影中,AI機(jī)器人真的發(fā)展出超級(jí)智能了嗎?
有意思的是,就在幾天前,F(xiàn)acebook創(chuàng)始人馬克·扎克伯格還和“鋼鐵俠”埃隆·馬斯克就“AI末日輪”隔空互懟,引發(fā)不少中美 互聯(lián)網(wǎng) 大佬參與爭(zhēng)論。
引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議后不久,F(xiàn)acebook就關(guān)閉了該AI機(jī)器人項(xiàng)目。但據(jù)Facebook研究員回應(yīng),關(guān)閉的原因并非“失控”,而是無(wú)意義。
“兩個(gè)機(jī)器人為實(shí)驗(yàn)性質(zhì),且并沒(méi)有發(fā)明新的語(yǔ)言,因?yàn)樗麄冞€是在用‘i’、‘balls’、‘the’等英文單詞溝通,只是沒(méi)有了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的這個(gè)激勵(lì)項(xiàng),創(chuàng)造了一種新的表達(dá)方式而已。”
簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),它們只是英語(yǔ)不太好。
“AI只是工具,離超級(jí)智能還很遠(yuǎn)。”創(chuàng)新工場(chǎng)董事長(zhǎng)李開復(fù)此前曾表示,“基于我投入AI領(lǐng)域的科研、開發(fā)、 投資 相關(guān)工作37年的經(jīng)驗(yàn),“超級(jí)智能”、“滅絕人類”這類聳人聽(tīng)聞的說(shuō)法,根本沒(méi)有切實(shí)的工程基礎(chǔ)。”
但人們關(guān)于“AI超級(jí)智能”的擔(dān)憂卻讓人擔(dān)心。“過(guò)度擔(dān)憂可能導(dǎo)致大眾忽視AI正在帶來(lái)的巨大機(jī)遇,也會(huì)讓更多更緊迫的AI問(wèn)題沒(méi)有得到關(guān)注,這只會(huì)撿了芝麻丟了西瓜。”
今天,美國(guó)知名 新媒體 Quartz刊登李開復(fù)專文,從另一個(gè)角度表達(dá)了他對(duì)AI機(jī)器人的看法:“類人”機(jī)器人只是科幻,人形機(jī)器人將馬上進(jìn)入千家萬(wàn)戶的說(shuō)法,簡(jiǎn)直是無(wú)稽之談。
以下是文章全文
機(jī)器人能幫著賺錢、省錢、提高生產(chǎn)力,也助人們回歸人性
人工智能時(shí)代的到來(lái)已經(jīng)指日可待了。但是目前情感機(jī)器人的發(fā)展方向有點(diǎn)南轅北轍。
首先,讓我們明確一下人工智能的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn):
人工智能擅長(zhǎng)對(duì)目標(biāo)明確的工作進(jìn)行優(yōu)化(但是不能創(chuàng)造,沒(méi)有感情)。
機(jī)械控制的發(fā)展速度較人工智能軟件的發(fā)展要緩慢得多。
傳感器雖然得到迅猛發(fā)展,但價(jià)格昂貴、體積偏大且太耗電。
鑒于以上原因,人形機(jī)器人將馬上進(jìn)入千家萬(wàn)戶的說(shuō)法,簡(jiǎn)直是無(wú)稽之談。當(dāng)機(jī)器人在言談舉止各方面都與人類極其相似時(shí),普通家庭用戶對(duì)機(jī)器人的“人類素質(zhì)”的期望也會(huì)變得高不可攀。僅僅這種期望所帶來(lái)的失望就足以讓很多公司的“未來(lái)十年讓科幻小說(shuō)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)”的展望受挫,更別提消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)對(duì)價(jià)格的苛刻要求了。
機(jī)器人的開發(fā)要牢記實(shí)用性這一原則:機(jī)器人或能創(chuàng)造效益,或能節(jié)省成本,或能提高生產(chǎn),或可以提供娛樂(lè)。依托現(xiàn)有技術(shù)制造的工業(yè)機(jī)器人將高效制造出其它機(jī)器人;商用機(jī)器人將會(huì)帶來(lái)更多 經(jīng)濟(jì) 收益(例如替代保安、前臺(tái)和司機(jī)等職位);家用機(jī)器人將能發(fā)揮家用電器和玩具的功能——它們簡(jiǎn)單易用且不具備任何“人性素質(zhì)”。
這樣的機(jī)器人未必具備人類外形。工業(yè)機(jī)器人就是在黑暗廠房(例如富士康最先進(jìn)的廠房)或者配備了智能升降機(jī)倉(cāng)庫(kù)里(例如我們投資的開源機(jī)器人Dorabot)從事勞務(wù)的機(jī)器;商用機(jī)器人的形式和用途就更多樣了:它們也許就是一排攝像頭(例如曠視 科技 的產(chǎn)品),或者是一家自動(dòng)商店(例如F5未來(lái)商店)。自動(dòng)駕駛車將有車的外形——除了那種低速貨運(yùn)、功能固定的運(yùn)輸工具,例如機(jī)場(chǎng)鋪設(shè)的自動(dòng)車道,或者從停車場(chǎng)到商店、主題公園的運(yùn)輸設(shè)備(例如UISEE馭勢(shì)科技);消費(fèi)機(jī)器人也許會(huì)像一個(gè)揚(yáng)聲器(例如亞馬遜的Echo)、一臺(tái)電視機(jī)、一臺(tái)吸塵器(例如Roomba)、一個(gè)教學(xué)玩具(例如奇幻工房的Dash Bot)或者一臺(tái)用于家庭聯(lián)系的平板電腦(例如小魚在家)。
人工智能也會(huì)與時(shí)俱進(jìn)嗎?這一點(diǎn)毋庸置疑。聲音識(shí)別技術(shù)將更精準(zhǔn),電腦視覺(jué)技術(shù)也會(huì)提高,SLAM技術(shù)將讓機(jī)器人的動(dòng)作更加流暢,機(jī)器人將會(huì)翻譯,還會(huì)針對(duì)限定領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行對(duì)話。機(jī)器人也可能會(huì)了解我們的情緒并能模仿人類的情緒。這種情緒模仿將從搞笑的、娛樂(lè)性的發(fā)展為一定程度上能產(chǎn)生共鳴的模仿。誠(chéng)然,這種模仿也都不是自發(fā)性的。在未來(lái)數(shù)十年,機(jī)器人還不能獨(dú)立進(jìn)行常識(shí)性的推理、創(chuàng)造及規(guī)劃工作,它們也不會(huì)擁有自我意識(shí)、情感及人類的欲望。那種“全知全能人工智能”尚不存在,而且現(xiàn)在已知的開發(fā)技術(shù)也無(wú)法開發(fā)出此類機(jī)器人。這種技術(shù)在未來(lái)數(shù)十年都不會(huì)出現(xiàn),也許永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)出現(xiàn)。
人形機(jī)器人的研發(fā)對(duì)人工智能科學(xué)家充滿了誘惑力,而對(duì)人形機(jī)器人的預(yù)測(cè)也順理成章地激發(fā)著科幻小說(shuō)家們的創(chuàng)作靈感。但是我們和人工智能有著本質(zhì)區(qū)別:我們會(huì)創(chuàng)造,AI只會(huì)在創(chuàng)造的基礎(chǔ)上優(yōu)化;我們多愁善感,AI冷酷無(wú)情;我們具備常識(shí)判斷能力,而AI只會(huì)從特定領(lǐng)域的大數(shù)據(jù)獲得信息。一言以蔽之,人類所長(zhǎng)正是AI所短,而AI所長(zhǎng)也是人類所短。
展望未來(lái),人類最前沿的領(lǐng)域?qū)⑹莿?chuàng)造及 社交 領(lǐng)域。因此,我們應(yīng)該推動(dòng)機(jī)器人向它們所擅長(zhǎng)的領(lǐng)域發(fā)展,例如進(jìn)行重復(fù)性工作、優(yōu)化工作或者創(chuàng)造財(cái)富的實(shí)用性工作。而我們?nèi)祟愐矐?yīng)該做一些我們擅長(zhǎng)的工作:創(chuàng)新、創(chuàng)造、社交溝通或者娛樂(lè)。
我一直倡導(dǎo)要開發(fā)一些實(shí)用性機(jī)器人,鼓勵(lì)人們進(jìn)入服務(wù)行業(yè)。但我不支持制造“類人”機(jī)器人。這種機(jī)器人開發(fā)難度大,而且永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法滿足人們的期望,因此,這種機(jī)器人的勝算不大。我分析的正確與否暫且不論,但是有一點(diǎn)我們需要有清晰的認(rèn)識(shí),那就是,未來(lái)十年,AI將大規(guī)模地取代那些依靠人力的、重復(fù)性的、分析性的崗位。因此,我們要肩負(fù)起創(chuàng)造更多社會(huì)服務(wù)性崗位的職責(zé),而不是空想或謀劃一個(gè)充斥著“不適用于人類”職位的社會(huì)。
?英文原文?
Robots should make money, save money, increase productivity, or deliver entertainment—and let humans be human
Robots should make money, save money, increase productivity, or deliver entertainment—and let humans be human
The age of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics is upon us, but the current fad of emotional humanoid robots is not headed in the right direction。
First, let’s understand what robotics are based on:
AI algorithms which are very good at optimization of explicitly defined goals (but cannot create, and have no feelings)
Mechanical control which advances much slower than AI software algorithms
Sensors which are rapidly improving but are often still too expensive, too large, or too power-hungry
Given the above, it is ludicrous to think that human-like robots will roam our homes any time soon。 When a robot looks like a person, talks like a person, and has features like a person, home users will have unattainable human-capability expectations。 The disappointment alone will doom any company hoping to bring science fiction to the living room in the next decade, not to mention the price-sensitivity for consumer markets。
Robotics must begin with utilitarianism in mind—robots should make money, save money, increase productivity, or deliver entertainment。 There will be industrial robots that build other robots in high-volume, manufactured with today’s technologies。 There will be commercial robots that deliver economic value (such as replacing security, receptionists, and drivers)。 There will be consumer robots that mimic today’s appliances and toys, requiring no consumer education, and causing no human-capability expectation。
These robots won‘t look like a person。 The industrial robot is a giant factory run in the dark by machines (like at Foxconn’s most advanced factories), or a warehouse with smart forklifts (like our investment Dorabot)。 The commercial robot comes in various forms and applications。 It might look like an array of cameras (like our investment Megvii) or an automated store (like our investment F5 Future Store)。 The autonomous vehicle will look like a car, except will be first deployed in low-speed, freight, or fixed-function transport—such as in airport autonomous car-only lanes, or in transport from parking garages to shopping malls/theme parks (like our investment UISee)。 And the consumer robot may look like a speaker (like the Amazon Echo), a TV, a vacuum cleaner (like Roomba), an educational toy (like our investment Wonder Workshop Dash Bot), or a pad-on-steroids for family communications (like our investment Ainemo)。
Will AI capabilities increase over time? Of course。 Speech recognition will get better, computer vision will improve, SLAM will be improved to help the robot move around fluidly, and the robot will be able to translate languages, or have a dialog within limited domains。 The robot may be able to read some of our emotions, or mimic certain human emotions。 But this mimicking will go from laughable and entertaining to occasionally acceptable—and generally not genuine。 For decades to come, robots by themselves will be unable to learn common sense reasoning, creativity, or planning。 They also won‘t possess the self-awareness, feelings, and desires that humans do。 This type of “general AI” does not exists, and there are no known engineering algorithms for it。 I don’t expect to see those algorithms for decades, if ever。
Trying to make robots human-like is a natural temptation for robotics and AI scientists, and predicting humanoid robots comes naturally to science fiction writers。 But we humans simply think differently from AI。 We create and AI optimizes。 We love and AI is stoic。 We have common sense and AI learns patterns from big data in a singular domain。 Simply stated, we are good at what AI is not, and AI is good at what we are not。
In the future, the human edge will be in creativity and social interaction。 Therefore, we need to focus robotics development toward what they’re good at: repetitive tasks, optimization, and utilitarian value creation。 We should also let people do what they’re good at: innovation, creation, human-to-human interaction, and performing services。
I am an advocate of making utilitarian robots, and encouraging people to go into service jobs。 I am not an advocate of making humanoid service robots—it is too hard today, and will not meet people’s expectations; therefore they will likely fail。 Whether or not my analysis is correct, we need to be reminded that in the next decade AI will replace a massive number of manual-labor, repetitive, and analytical jobs。 We have a human responsibility to help create societal service jobs—not dream or plan a society in which all jobs come with a sign “humans need not apply。”
來(lái)源:創(chuàng)新工場(chǎng)